Healthy Lifestyle Habits in Latin American University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Center Study.

Background: Deterioration in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthy eating behavior due to the effect of COVID-19 lockdown has been reported. The aim of this study was to associate eating habits and HRQoL with physical activity behavior in Latin American university students during COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Measured 4,859 university students with a mean age of 22.4 years and they were mostly female (73.7%) from 10 Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and, Peru). Eating habits were measured using a survey validated with other university students, HRQoL was assessments using the short version of the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) scale and physical activity behavior with a dicotomous question based on the international recommendations for physical activity.Results: There is a higher complaince for all the international recommendations for healthy foods intake in the physically active group of students (p < 0.01), with the exception of alcohol and salt. In addition, physically active students presented a significantly higher HRQoL (p < 0.001) in all the dimensions analyzed when compared to physically inactive students.Conclusions: Latin American university students who are physically active are more likely to have a healthier eating behavior and a lower risk of a decreased HRQoL during COVID-19 pandemic.

Body weight in relation to hours of sleep, and physical activity in Latin American university students during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Short sleep, physical inactivity, and being locked up are risk factors for weight gain. Objective: We evaluated weight gain according to sex, age, hours of sleep and physical activity in university students from 10 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional and multicenter study (n = 4880). Results: The average age was 22.5 ± 4.4 years. 60.2% were currently locked up. 73.6% were women, 48.2% increased their body weight, 66% reported insufficient sleep hours, and 65.9% were inactive. Women gained more weight than men (73.2%) and younger students gained more weight (85.1%). Those who had insufficient sleep hours gained most weight (67.6%). Inactive participants gained most weight (74.7%). Students who have insufficient sleep are 21% more likely to have changes in body weight compared to students who have optimal sleep. Conclusion: The increase in body weight and its risk factors during confinement should be considered as emerging from public health.

Evualuación del Programa Cero en un CESFAM del Sur de Chile

RESUMEN: La enfermedad de caries, constituye un importante problema de salud pública por su alta prevalencia, impacto negativo en la salud oral y sistémica en los individuos y sociedad, además por el alto costo de su tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el Programa CERO del CESFAM Dr. Alberto Reyes de la comuna de Tomé. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, la muestra correspondió al 100 % de niños ingresados al Programa Cero, adscritos del CESFAM Dr. Alberto Reyes de la comuna de Tomé el año 2018. Se revisó base de datos secundaria correspondiente a los Resúmenes Estadísticos Mensuales (REM) de atenciones y/o población en control, que se remiten al Departamento de Estadísticas e Información en Salud (DEIS) por establecimientos y/o estrategias según códigos estructurales definidos. Los resultados muestran la que el 51 % estuvo representado por hombres y el 49 % por mujeres. Las edades con mayor Ingresos, son los 6 años, con un 25 % y los niños de 4 años con proporciones que por poco alcanzan el 20 %. Las edades menormente representadas son el año de edad y los 5 años, con porcentajes inferiores al 10 %. Es necesario el abordaje de esta enfermedad con un cambio de paradigma en el manejo de la caries como un proceso de enfermedad manejando de forma más eficiente las medidas preventivas dirigidas de manera individual hacia cada paciente, proponiendo el manejo de la caries a través de la valoración del riesgo como lo hace el Programa CERO.

ABSTRACT: Dental caries constitute a significant public health problem due to its high prevalence, negative impact on individuals and society's oral and systemic health, in addition to the high cost of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CERO program of "CESFAM Dr. Alberto Reyes", from the commune of Tomé. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, with a sample of 100 % of the children admitted to the CERO program, who were affiliated to the "CESFAM Dr. Alberto Reyes" from the commune of Tomé in 2018. A secondary database was reviewed corresponding to "Resúmenes Estadísticos Mensuales" (Monthly Statistical Summaries) of medical attentions and/or population under control, which is forwarded to the "Departamento de Estadísticas e Información en Salud" (Statistics and Health Information Department) by establishments and/or strategies under structural defined codes. According to results, males represent 51 %, and females 49 % of the sample. The ages with a higher number of admissions are 6 years old, representing 25 %, and 4 years old children, who almost reach 20 %. The least representing ages are 1 and 5 years old, with values lower than 10 %. It is necessary to approach this disease with a modification of the paradigm in the management of dental caries as an illness process, managing more efficiently the preventative measures aimed individually to each patient, proposing the management of dental caries through risk assessment as the CERO program does.

Consumo de frutas y verduras en mujeres Jefas de Hogar. Un estudio cualitativo

RESUMEN Introducción: La ingesta de frutas y verduras (FV) es reconocida como un factor protector de la salud cardiovascular y ciertos tipos de cáncer. Objetivo: identificar las opiniones de mujeres chilenas, asociadas al consumo de FV. Métodos: estudio de investigación cualitativa, mediante el empleo del análisis del discurso y la interpretación del lenguaje. La muestra estuvo constituida por 40 mujeres de edades entre los 20 y 65 años, con Nivel Socioeconómico (NSE) medio y medio bajo que participaban en el Programa Mujeres Jefas de Hogar (PMJH) en Chillán. A través de cuatro grupos de discusión se identificaron las opiniones de mujeres en torno a motivaciones, barreras, gastos asociados y conocimientos respecto al consumo de FV. Resultados: Entre las principales motivaciones para el consumo de FV por parte de las mujeres, se encontraron los beneficios para la salud y calidad de vida. Respecto a los obstáculos para no consumir FV, se encontró el costo económico. Las mujeres manifestaron conocer las recomendaciones de consumo, reconociendo el papel del personal de salud. Las mujeres destacaron a los niños como principales consumidores de FV en el hogar. Conclusiones: Las mujeres reconocen la importancia de consumir FV para mantener un óptimo estado de salud, sin embargo, el precio condiciona su consumo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is a recognized protective factor for cardiovascular health and certain types of cancer. Objective: to identify the opinions of Chilean women associated with the consumption of FV. Methods: Qualitative research study, using discourse analysis and language interpretation. The sample consisted of 40 women aged between 20 and 65 from a medium to low-medium socioeconomic level who participated in the Female Headed Household survey (abbreviation per name in Spanish, PMJH) in Chillán. Through four discussion groups, the opinions of women regarding motivations, barriers, associated costs, and knowledge regarding the consumption of FV were identified. Results: Among the main motivations for the consumption of FV by women were benefits for health and quality of life. Regarding the obstacles to not consuming FV, economic cost was noted; women stated knowing dietary recommendations, recognizing the role of health personnel. Women highlighted children as the main consumers of PV in the home. Conclusions: Women recognized the importance of consuming VF to maintain optimal health, however, price determined consumption

[Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity perception in Chilean households]. / Inseguridad alimentaria y hábitos alimentarios durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en hogares chilenos.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus 2 pandemic (COVID-19) has caused intense changes in lifestyles, feeding, and nutrition habits. AIM: To analyze food insecurity and eating habits during the period of quarantine in a group of Chilean individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online survey was conducted in 2,767 households with questions about the sociodemographic composition of the household, household food purchasing habits in the quarantine period for COVID-19, and perception of food insecurity. RESULTS: More than 60% of households (p < 0.01) were worried about not having enough food, especially when children under 18 years of age lived in them. This perception increased in urban households (p < 0.01) and those located in the Central-Southern and Southern regions (p < 0.01). During the pandemic, the consumption of healthy products such as milk increased in 50% of households, legumes in 72%, eggs in 79%, fruits in 54%, vegetables in 67% and water in 81%. There was also a lower consumption of unhealthy and ultra-processed foods such as hot-dogs in 90% of households, sausages in 73%, sugary drinks in 79% and ice cream in 83%. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic in Chile increased the perception of food insecurity in households with vulnerable conditions. However, the consumption of healthier foods increased.

Inseguridad alimentaria y hábitos alimentarios durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en hogares chilenos / Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity perception in Chilean households

Background: The coronavirus 2 pandemic (COVID-19) has caused intense changes in lifestyles, feeding, and nutrition habits. Aim: To analyze food insecurity and eating habits during the period of quarantine in a group of Chilean individuals. Material and Methods: An online survey was conducted in 2,767 households with questions about the sociodemographic composition of the household, household food purchasing habits in the quarantine period for COVID-19, and perception of food insecurity. Results: More than 60% of households (p < 0.01) were worried about not having enough food, especially when children under 18 years of age lived in them. This perception increased in urban households (p < 0.01) and those located in the Central-Southern and Southern regions (p < 0.01). During the pandemic, the consumption of healthy products such as milk increased in 50% of households, legumes in 72%, eggs in 79%, fruits in 54%, vegetables in 67% and water in 81%. There was also a lower consumption of unhealthy and ultra-processed foods such as hot-dogs in 90% of households, sausages in 73%, sugary drinks in 79% and ice cream in 83%. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic in Chile increased the perception of food insecurity in households with vulnerable conditions. However, the consumption of healthier foods increased.

Análisis del proceso técnico político de la ordenanza municipal para promoción de salud de Quillota

RESUMEN Para contribuir a la vida sana de la comunidad y en atención a las recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales para combatir la obesidad y sus consecuencias, en 2017 la Municipalidad de Quillota promulgó una Ordenanza de Promoción de Salud para favorecer entornos alimentarios saludables y para la práctica de actividad física. No está descrito en qué consiste y cuáles son las dificultades para establecer este tipo de normativas locales. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el proceso técnico y político que culminó en la generación de esta Ordenanza como ejemplo para el resto de los municipios del país. Con un diseño cualitativo, exploratorio y retrospectivo se recolectó información a través de entrevistas, grupos focales y diálogos participativos. Se realizó un mapeo de actores y el análisis de las lecciones aprendidas, considerando barreras y facilitadores. Los resultados muestran que la Ordenanza representó un desafío para la toma de decisiones que habilitaron su consolidación tanto en términos de gestión técnica como en los niveles de poder. Entre las lecciones aprendidas destaca la relevancia de un escenario político favorable, un equipo técnico competente y con liderazgo, y la fuerte articulación intersectorial; siendo clave la voluntad de las autoridades municipales y la negociación con sectores de oposición. La participación comunitaria activa fue un punto de compleja implementación.

ABSTRACT With the aim of improving the health of the community and given national and international recommendations to combat obesity and its consequences, in 2017, the Municipality of Quillota enacted a Health Promotion Ordinance to promote healthy food environments and physical activity practices. The ordinance is not specifically detailed, nor are the difficulties in establishing such local regulations described. Thus, this study intended to analyze the technical and political processes that generated this ordinance, which may serve as an example for other municipalities. The information collection was made through interviews, focus groups, and participatory dialogues, using a qualitative, exploratory, and retrospective design. Actors mapping and lessons learned analysis, considering barriers and facilitators found, was conducted. The results show that the ordinance consolidation presented a challenge to the decision-making management at the technical and empowerment levels. Lessons learned include favorable political scenarios, a competent technical team, and strong cross-sectoral articulation. Two key factors were the municipal authorities' resolution and negotiation with opposition sectors. Active community participation was a point of complex implementation.

Stages of change in the purchase of ultra-processed snacks among university students after the implementation of the chilean food law; a multi-center study

The Objective is to determine the stages of change in the behavior of university students regarding the purchase of ultra-processed snacks consumed. Multi-center study (14 Chilean universities). The participants (4,807 students)evaluated were applied a survey to determine the stage of change of behavior regarding the purchase of foods with warning signs. The students were evaluated and classified as (a) Nutrition Students, (b) Healthcare-related Students and (c) Other degree Students. More than 90% of the students were aware of the food regulation and knew the warning signs. More than 60% of Healthcare-related and Other degree students are in the stage of pre-contemplation or contemplation regarding purchase intent of sugary drinks, juices, cookies, sweet snacks and potato chips; this value is twice the percentage of Nutrition students in this stages ( Chi2, p<0.001). In conclusion there is a high proportion of pre-contemplation and contemplation with respect to purchase intent among the students(AU)

Determinar las etapas de cambio en el comportamiento de los estudiantes universitarios con respecto a la compra de colaciones ultraprocesadas. Estudio Multicéntrico (14 universidades chilenas). A los participantes (4.807 estudiantes) se les aplicó una encuesta para determinar el cambio en el comportamiento con respecto a la compra de alimentos con sellos de advertencia. Los estudiantes se clasificaron como (a) estudiantes de nutrición, (b) estudiantes del área de la salud y (c) estudiantes de otras carreras. Se evaluaron. Más del 90% de los estudiantes conocían la regulación alimentaria y conocían las señales de advertencia. Más del 60% de los estudiantes de la salud y de otras carreras se encuentran en la etapa de pre-contemplación o contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra de bebidas azucaradas, jugos, galletas, bocadillos dulces y papas fritas; Este valor es el doble del porcentaje de estudiantes de nutrición en estas etapas ( Chi2, p <0,001). Se concluye que existe una alta proporción de pre-contemplación y contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra entre los estudiantes universitarios(AU)

Hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de niños y niñas que asisten a las Escuelas Deportivas Integrales del Instituto Nacional de Deporte, Región de Ñuble / Eating habits and nutritional status of children attending the Integral Sports Schools of the National Sports Institute, Ñuble Region, Chile

RESUMEN La malnutrición por exceso se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública a través de todo el ciclo vital. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los hábitos alimentarios y el estado nutricional de niños y niñas que asisten a las Escuelas Deportivas Integrales (EDI) del Instituto Nacional de Deporte en la comuna de Chillán. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica y aplicación de encuesta sobre hábitos alimentarios, que permitía medir alimentos consumidos de manera diaria, semanal y mensual de: frutas, verduras, lácteos, agua, carne, pescado, legumbres, golosinas dulces y saladas, productos fritos, comida rápida y embutidos. En los resultados, se confirma una alta prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso (58,7%). Para el cumplimiento de las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABAS) para la población chilena, se observó sólo un 59,2% en frutas, 71,4% para verduras, 13,8% en pescado, 39,3% en legumbres y 66,3% en lácteos. Diariamente, más del 65% consume golosinas dulces y/o saladas. Semanalmente, la comida rápida y productos fritos se ingieren en un 66% y 79% respectivamente. Se sugiere la necesidad de realizar intervenciones multidisciplinarias de prevención y promoción de la salud, orientadas a mejorar estilos de vida saludables en la población infantil y así contribuir a disminuir los índices de morbilidad infantil.

ABSTRACT Over nutrition has become a public health problem over the life cycle. The objective of the study was to analyze the eating habits and nutritional status of children attending the Integral Sports Schools (ISS) of the National Sports Institute in Chillán, Chile. An anthropometric evaluation was performed; an eating habits survey, which measured the consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, water, meat, fish, legumes, sweet and salty treats, fried products, junk food, and cold meats on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis was completed. Results confirmed a high prevalence of overnutrition (58.7%). Complying with Food Based Dietary Guidelines for the Chilean Population, values were 59.2% for fruit, 71.4% for vegetables, 13.8% for fish, 39.3% for legumes, and 66.3% for dairy products. More than 65% of the children ate sweet and/or salty treats on a daily basis. Weekly intake of junk food and fried products was 66% and 79%, respectively. Multidisciplinary prevention and health promotion interventions are required to improve healthy lifestyles in children and thus contribute to reducing child morbidity rates.

A Multicenter Study Evaluating the Stages of Change in Food Consumption with Warning Labels among Chilean University Students.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the stage of change in food consumption with warning labels among Chilean university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study which applied surveys in universities from all over the country. Study included 4807 participants of 18 to 40 years of both sexes who were asked about the level of knowledge of the new food law and food consumption with warning signals, including questions regarding their willingness to behavior change according to Prochaska's transtheoretical model. To compare continuous variables, Student's t-test was used in the statistical package SPSS 22.0, and p <0.05 was considered a significant difference. RESULTS: Of the total number of respondents, 99.3% of the students indicated that they know about the food law, classifying foods with signals in the precontemplation stage. Compared by sex, we observed that women give greater importance to behavior change in all of foods (p <0.001). Underweight students give less importance to change in unhealthy foods, while obesity students give more importance but do not show more confidence in behavior change (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The university students show a low importance and confidence to make behavior change, aspects associated with sex and nutritional status. It is necessary to strengthen nutritional food education and not just talk about structural measures.

Una mirada actualizada sobre los ambientes alimentarios y obesidad / An updated look at food environments and obesity

La obesidad es considerada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como un gra-ve problema de salud pública. En Chile los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 muestran que 7 de cada 10 chilenos presentan sobrepeso u obesidad y, según datos del Ministerio de Educación, en los niños que ingresan a la enseñanza básica, la prevalencia de obesidad no ha logrado bajar del 25%. En los últimos años ha habido un reconocimiento mundial sobre la influencia que tienen los Ambien-tes Alimentarios en el comportamiento de las personas y en el estado nutricional de las poblaciones. Recientemente en el país se han identificado los Ambientes Ali-mentarios predominantes y sus factores condicionantes, lo que ha culminado con la elaboración de la Política Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición y los lineamientos que permiten avanzar en diferentes estrategias para modificar dichos ambientes. En Chile se han implementado medidas individuales y estructurales que han tenido gran relevancia tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, aunque está pendiente la ela-boración de instrumentos que midan de manera objetiva y confiable los Ambientes Alimentarios

The World Health Organization considers obesity to be a serious public health pro-blem. In Chile, results from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey show that 7 in 10 Chileans are overweight or obese, and according to the Ministry of Education, the prevalence of obesity among children entering elementary school has not dropped below 25%. In the last few years, Food Environments have been widely recognized for their impact on the behavior and the nutritional status of different populations.The principal Food Environments and their conditioning factors have been recently identified in Chile, and this information has been used to elaborate the National Food and Nutrition Policy and the inform guidelines and strategies to modify these environments. The individual and structural measures implemented in Chile have proven relevant, both on a national scale, as well as internationally; nevertheless, the development of instruments to objectively and reliably measure Food Environments is still pending

Ingesta de alimentos proteicos en adolescentes de la ciudad de Chillán, Chile / High-protein foods intake by adolescents in Chillan, Chile

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la ingesta de alimentos proteicos distintos de los lácteos y sus derivados, en adolescentes que asisten a un establecimiento educacional subvencionado en la comuna de Chillán. Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal, con una muestra de 154 adolescentes de edades entre 14 y 17 años. Se evaluó estado nutricional según IMC e ingesta alimentaria mediante encuesta de frecuencia de consumo cuantificado, con énfasis en la ingesta de alimentos de origen proteico distinto de los lácteos. El 90% de los encuestados, independiente del sexo, consumió semanalmente legumbres, carnes, pescados y mariscos. Las medianas de consumo de carnes, alcanzó los 275 g en hombres y 191 g en mujeres (p<0,01). Los hombres consumieron 1,5 veces más embutidos que las mujeres (148 g v/s 89 g; p=0,02). Al comparar la ingesta de los alimentos proteicos estudiados, con la Guía Alimentaria para los adolescentes, el 60% presentó un bajo cumplimiento de ingesta semanal en carnes, huevos, pescados y mariscos, por lo que es imperativo implementar estrategias tendientes a mejorar el consumo de alimentos con proteínas de alto valor biológico que les permitan un adecuado desarrollo.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to analyze the intake of high-protein foods, other than dairy products and their derivatives, by adolescents attending a subsidized school in the city of Chillán, Chile. A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted with a sample of 154 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17. Nutritional status was evaluated using body mass index (BMI) and food intake was measured using a quantified food consumption trend survey emphasizing the consumption of high-protein foods other than dairy products. Ninety percent of surveyed subjects, independently of sex, consumed legumes, meat, fish, and seafood on a weekly basis. Median weekly consumption of meat was 275 g for boys and 191 g for girls (p<0.01). Boys consumed 1.5 times more sausages than girls (148 g vs. 89 g; p=0.02). When comparing food intake of the high-protein foods under study with the Chilean Food Guide for adolescents, 60% complied poorly with weekly intake of meat, eggs, fish, and seafood. It is therefore imperative to implement strategies to improve the consumption of foods with high levels of biological protein to ensure the adequate development of adolescents.

Enfermedad de Parkinson y factores ambientales. Un estudio caso-control / Parkinson's disease and environmental factors. A case-control study

Resumen La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) ha sido asociada a diferentes factores ambientales que aumentan su prevalencia. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre EP y factores ambientales, en personas inscritas en el Sistema de Atención Primaria de Salud en la comuna de Concepción. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio caso control pareado por edad y sexo, en una muestra de 126 personas, distribuidas en 63 casos y 63 controles. Se estimaron Odds Ratio (OR) brutos y ajustados a través de modelos multivariados de regresión logística. Resultados: La edad media para los casos fue de 71 y de 72 para los controles. Los antecedentes de exposición a tóxicos son 3 veces más frecuentes en las mujeres casos que las controles (75%; IC95% 17,6-97,6 vs 25%; IC95% 23,2-82,3). El riesgo de EP aumenta en personas que han estado expuestas a tóxicos (OR = 2,9; IC95% 1,2-7,1). Conclusión: Este artículo confirma asociación entre la exposición a tóxicos y EP.

The Parkinson Disease (PD) has been related to different environmental factors that increise their prevalence. Objective: To assess the relation between the PD and the environmental factors, in persons registered in the Primary Health Care System in Concepción, Chile. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted matched by age and gender, in a sample of 126 people, distributed in 63 cases and 63 controls. Gross and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) were estimated through multivariate logistic regression models. Results: The mean age was 71 for the cases and 72 for the controls. The history of toxic exposure is 3 times more frequent in the women of the case group than in the control group (75%; CI95% 17,6-97,6 vs 25%; CI95% 23,2-82,3). The risk of PE increases in people who have been exposed to toxicants (OR: 2.9; CI95% 1.2-7.1). Conclusion: This article confirms association between exposure to toxicants and PD.

[Intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index: A national sample of Chilean school children]. / Ingesta de bebidas azucaradas analcohólicas e índice de masa corporal en escolares chilenos.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between the intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index (BMI) in Chilean school children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Food consumption frequency data were analyzed for school children aged 6 to 18. The association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI was estimated by multivariate lineal regression models. RESULTS: Sugar-sweetened beverages are consumed on a daily basis by 92% (95%CI:90-94) of subjects with daily intake medians of 424 mL (p25-p75:212-707). Every extra daily portion of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed by school children aged 6 to 13 is associated with 0.13 BMI z-scores (95%CI:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: School children consume sugar-sweetened beverages daily with intake medians close to 0.5L. There is an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and higher BMI in Chilean school children.

Ingesta de bebidas azucaradas analcohólicas e índice de masa corporal en escolares chilenos / Intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index: A national sample of Chilean school children

Objetivo. Estimar la asociación entre la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas analcohólicas y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en escolares chilenos. Material y métodos. Se analizaron datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en escolares de entre 6 y 18 años de edad. Se estimó la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y el IMC a través de modelos de regresión lineal multivariada. Resultados. El 92% (IC95%:90-94) consume bebidas azucaradas diariamente, con medianas de ingesta de 424 ml (p25-p75:212-707). En los escolares de 6 a 13 años, cada incremento de una porción diaria de gaseosas y refrescos con azúcar se asocia con 0.13 puntajes z más de IMC (IC95%:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusiones. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas en escolares chilenos es diario y alcanza medianas de ingesta cercanas a medio litro. Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y mayor IMC.

Objective. To estimate the association between the intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index (BMI) in Chilean school children. Materials and methods. Food consumption frequency data were analyzed for school children aged 6 to 18. The association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI was estimated by multivariate lineal regression models. Results. Sugar-sweetened beverages are consumed on a daily basis by 92% (95%CI:90-94) of subjects with daily intake medians of 424 mL (p25-p75:212-707). Every extra daily portion of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed by school children aged 6 to 13 is associated with 0.13 BMI z-scores (95%CI:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusions. School children consume sugar-sweetened beverages daily with intake medians close to 0.5L. There is an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and higher BMI in Chilean school children.

Investigación Promoción de alimentos y preferencias alimentarias en escolares chilenos de diferente nivel socioeconómico / Food promotion and food preferences in Chilean school age children from different socioeconomic levels

Para determinar su actitud ante la promoción comercial de alimentos y bebidas, se seleccionó una muestra de 1.048 escolares de 8 a 13 años en tres ciudades del país (norte, centro y sur), a los que se entrevistó aplicando un cuestionario validado en estudios previos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables estudiadas y se determinó las diferencias según región, nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y sexo con la prueba de Chi2. Las diferencias según NSE fueron mayores en Santiago. Una mayor proporción de escolares de NSE medio bajo veía más de 2 horas de TV durante los días de colegio y fines de semana (p.

To determine the attitude towards marketing of food and beverages a sample of 1,048 school children ages 8 to 13 from three cities of Chile (north, center and south of the country) were interviewed. The instrument applied was a validated questionnaire used in previous studies. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed and differences were determined by region, socioeconomic level (SEL) and gender using Chi2 test. Differences per SEL were higher in Santiago. A greater proportion of school children of medium-low SEL watched more than 2 hours of TV during weekdays and weekends (p.

[Food promotion and food preferences in Chilean school age children from different socioeconomic levels]. / Promoción de alimentos y preferencias alimentarias en escolares chilenos de diferente nivel socioeconómico.

UNLABELLED: To determine the attitude towards marketing of food and beverages a sample of 1,048 school children ages 8 to 13 from three cities of Chile (north, center and south of the country) were interviewed. The instrument applied was a validated questionnaire used in previous studies. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed and differences were determined by region, socioeconomic level (SEL) and gender using Chi2 test. Differences per SEL were higher in Santiago. A greater proportion of school children of medium-low SEL watched more than 2 hours of TV during weekdays and weekends (p < 0.001). The proportion of children that liked food and beverage commercials was greater in medium-low SEL in Santiago (66%) (p < 0.001), as opposed to 26 to 35% in the medium high SEL. A high percentage indicated that they liked promotional campaigns of foods at supermarkets, on the streets, shopping centers and on the Internet. The preferred commercials were those for beverages, chocolates, ice-creams and cereals. Most common foods taken from home to school were cookies, fruits and yogurt. Most of the children had money available to buy food and the products more frequently preferred were cookies, sweets, French fries, beverages with sugar, chocolates, ice-creams and hot-dogs. CONCLUSION: marketing of food and beverages is recognized and remembered by school age children, influencing what they buy and consume regularly at school.

[Eating characteristics of Chilean indigenous and non-indigenous adolescent girls]. / Características alimentarias de adolescentes chilenas indígenas y no indígenas.

During childhood and adolescence, eating habits become established which are instrumental in determining eating behavior later in life. Various authors have described the acculturation of the Mapuche people toward Western culture. The objective of this study was to analyze the eating characteristics of indigenous and non-indigenous adolescent girls in the Araucania Region of Chile. A cross-sectional design was used with a probabilistic sample of 281 adolescents comprised of 139 indigenous and 142 non-indigenous girls attending 168 elementary schools. A modified food frequency questionnaire was applied, designed to obtain information about eating habits and consumption of Mapuche foods. The eating schedules are similar in both ethnic groups, with dinner being the meal that is least consumed. Total snack consumption per week has a mean of 7 with an interquartile range (IQR) of 5 to 10 without any differences between ethnic groups; of these snacks, only 2 were healthy (IQR = 1 to 3). The indigenous girls had a higher probability of consumption of native foods including mote (boiled wheat) (OR = 2.00; IC = 0.93-4.29), muday (fermented cereal alcohol) (OR = 3.45; IC = 1.90-6.27), and yuyo (field mustard) (OR = 4.40; IC = 2.06-9.39). The study's conclusion is that the the eating habits and behavior of indigenous adolescents are similar to those of non-indigenous girls, though the former still consume more indigenous foods.

[Motivation and barriers in the consumption of five daily servings of fruit and vegetables by mothers of school age children and primary school teachers]. / Motivaciones y barreras para consumir 5 porciones de frutas y verduras al día en madres de escolares y profesores de enseñanza básica.

As a baseline for the promotion of health and the design of educational interventions, the benefits, barriers and stages of change related to the consumption of five daily servings of fruit and vegetables were studied in 463 mothers of school age children from different socioeconomic levels (SEL) and 412 primary school teachers in 3 cities in Chile. These groups were selected because of their influence over children's eating habits. For the evaluation of stages changes, a questionnaire designed by the American Institute for Cancer Research was adapted and applied. The questionnaire was answered voluntarily by the participants. 58% of the mothers and 60% of the teachers ate 1-2 servings of fruit and vegetables daily; 29.4 and 32.3% ate 3-4 servings and only 10 and 4% respectively ate 5 servings. Benefits reported from fruit and vegetable consumption in both groups were pleasure, wellness, a sense of well being and weight management. Barriers mentioned were forgetfulness, time constraints, nonsatisfaction of appetite and lack of motivation. The price of fruit and vegetables was considered high by 15.1% of mothers of medium high SEL and by 26.4% of medium low SEL (p < 0.002). Among teachers, 25.4% of men and 11.7% of women also considered price as a barrier (p < 0.002). Such results show that both mothers and teachers need specific interventions to improve their own motivation for eating more fruit and vegetables and to thus support this healthy eating habit in children.